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ASME B96.1
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ASME B96.1 1999 Edition, January 1, 1999 Welded Aluminum-Alloy Storage Tanks
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Description / Abstract:
General
This Standard covers the design, materials, fabrication, erection, inspection, and testing requirements for welded aluminum-alloy, field-erected or shop-fabricated, aboveground, vertical, cylindrical, flat bottom, open- or closed-top tanks storing liquids under pressures approximating atmospheric pressure at ambient temperatures (see also paras. 1.2 and 1.3).
This Standard is intended to provide the chemical industry and other users with tanks of safe design for the containment of fluids within the design limits. It does not present a fixed series of allowable tank sizes, but rather it is intended to permit the selection of whatever size tank best meets the purchaser's needs. This Standard is for the convenience, reference, and mutual understanding of designers, purchasers, manufacturers, erectors, and inspectors of tanks constructed in accordance with its requirements.
The design of tanks in accordance with this Standard shall include provisions for anchoring the tank, when necessary, to resist the effects of internal pressure (if any) and wind overturning moment. Rules for evaluating the need for anchors for Class 1 and Class 2 tanks (see para. 1.2) and some minimum requirements for the design of the anchors are provided in para. 3.9. Rules for the design of anchors and counterbalancing weights for Class 3 tanks are included in para. 3.8.
The design formulas in this Standard contain no allowances for corrosion. Corrosion allowances stated by the purchaser shall be added by the manufacturer to the calculated thickness and, where specified by the purchaser, to other thicknesses (e.g., anchor bolts).
Minor variations in design or construction details that are specified as an exception or extension, agreed to by both the manufacturer and the purchaser, and known not to detract from the inherent strength of the tank or appurtenances, are allowable within the scope of this Standard. Where the Standard does not cover all details of design and construction, the manufacturer, subject to the approval of the purchaser, shall provide details and construction that will be as safe as those provided by this Standard.
See Section 10, References, for the applicable edition of standards, specifications, and codes referred to by this Standard.
Foundation design and construction details are not part of this Standard. However, because of the importance of adequate foundations to the safety, strength, and useful life of field-erected storage tanks, see Appendix E for recommended practice for foundations.
Requirements relating to Quality System Programs are described in nonmandatory Appendix F.
Tank Classes for Internal Pressure
Class 1 Tanks. Open-top tanks having any diameter and fixed roof tanks not exceeding 100 ft in diameter and having an internal design pressure not exceeding 0.5 oz/in. are designated as Class 1 tanks.
Class 2 Tanks. Tanks not exceeding 100 ft in diameter and having an internal design pressure greater than 0.5 oz/in. and tanks greater than 100 ft in diameter having any internal pressure are designated as Class 2 tanks. In no case, however, is the internal design pressure allowed to exceed a value that produces an uplift force that equals the weight of the shell plus the roof plus any framing supported by the shell or roof. Rules for internal pressure design of Class 2 tanks are given in para. 3.7.
Class 3 Tanks. All tanks where the internal design pressure produces an uplift force greater than the total weight of the tank shell, roof, and roof framing are designated as Class 3 tanks. Rules for internal pressure design of these tanks are given in para. 3.8. The maximum internal design pressure permitted is 1.0 psig.
Limitations
For tanks 100 ft in diameter or smaller and having an external design pressure exceeding 0.5 oz/in. and for tanks larger in diameter than 100 ft having any external design pressure, additional design considerations, which are not included in this Standard, are the responsibility of the tank designer.
The limitation of temperature to "ambient" (see para. 1.1.1) is not intended to preclude the use of these tanks at temperatures above ambient temperature. Allowable stresses for commonly used aluminum alloys are tabulated in this Standard for temperatures to 400°F maximum. However, when the design temperature exceeds 150°F, additional design considerations, which are not included in this Standard, are the responsibility of the tank designer.
Design rules in this Standard do not consider fatigue effects from cyclic loadings. However, the user is cautioned that supported cone roofs meeting the minimum requirements of this Standard are more susceptible to low-cycle fatigue failures at the roof-to-top angle weld than are self-supporting roofs, particularly self-supporting dome roofs, when the internal operating pressure creates an uplift force exceeding the weight of the roof plates. Also, supported cone roofs for tanks larger in diameter than 50 ft and meeting the minimum requirements of this Standard may be prone to fatigue failures at the roof-to-top angle weld and at single-welded lap seams joining roof plates due to wind-induced undulations under steady wind speeds as low as 25 mph to 30 mph.
Tank Venting
It is the responsibility of the user to size pressure- and vacuum-relief devices to ensure that the internal and external design pressures are not exceeded.
Compliance
The manufacturer is responsible for complying with all of the provisions of this Standard. The purchaser may perform or have performed an inspection to verify that materials, details of fabrication and construction, and testing comply with the requirements of this Standard.
This Standard covers the design, materials, fabrication, erection, inspection, and testing requirements for welded aluminum-alloy, field-erected or shop-fabricated, aboveground, vertical, cylindrical, flat bottom, open- or closed-top tanks storing liquids under pressures approximating atmospheric pressure at ambient temperatures (see also paras. 1.2 and 1.3).
This Standard is intended to provide the chemical industry and other users with tanks of safe design for the containment of fluids within the design limits. It does not present a fixed series of allowable tank sizes, but rather it is intended to permit the selection of whatever size tank best meets the purchaser's needs. This Standard is for the convenience, reference, and mutual understanding of designers, purchasers, manufacturers, erectors, and inspectors of tanks constructed in accordance with its requirements.
The design of tanks in accordance with this Standard shall include provisions for anchoring the tank, when necessary, to resist the effects of internal pressure (if any) and wind overturning moment. Rules for evaluating the need for anchors for Class 1 and Class 2 tanks (see para. 1.2) and some minimum requirements for the design of the anchors are provided in para. 3.9. Rules for the design of anchors and counterbalancing weights for Class 3 tanks are included in para. 3.8.
The design formulas in this Standard contain no allowances for corrosion. Corrosion allowances stated by the purchaser shall be added by the manufacturer to the calculated thickness and, where specified by the purchaser, to other thicknesses (e.g., anchor bolts).
Minor variations in design or construction details that are specified as an exception or extension, agreed to by both the manufacturer and the purchaser, and known not to detract from the inherent strength of the tank or appurtenances, are allowable within the scope of this Standard. Where the Standard does not cover all details of design and construction, the manufacturer, subject to the approval of the purchaser, shall provide details and construction that will be as safe as those provided by this Standard.
See Section 10, References, for the applicable edition of standards, specifications, and codes referred to by this Standard.
Foundation design and construction details are not part of this Standard. However, because of the importance of adequate foundations to the safety, strength, and useful life of field-erected storage tanks, see Appendix E for recommended practice for foundations.
Requirements relating to Quality System Programs are described in nonmandatory Appendix F.
Tank Classes for Internal Pressure
Class 1 Tanks. Open-top tanks having any diameter and fixed roof tanks not exceeding 100 ft in diameter and having an internal design pressure not exceeding 0.5 oz/in. are designated as Class 1 tanks.
Class 2 Tanks. Tanks not exceeding 100 ft in diameter and having an internal design pressure greater than 0.5 oz/in. and tanks greater than 100 ft in diameter having any internal pressure are designated as Class 2 tanks. In no case, however, is the internal design pressure allowed to exceed a value that produces an uplift force that equals the weight of the shell plus the roof plus any framing supported by the shell or roof. Rules for internal pressure design of Class 2 tanks are given in para. 3.7.
Class 3 Tanks. All tanks where the internal design pressure produces an uplift force greater than the total weight of the tank shell, roof, and roof framing are designated as Class 3 tanks. Rules for internal pressure design of these tanks are given in para. 3.8. The maximum internal design pressure permitted is 1.0 psig.
Limitations
For tanks 100 ft in diameter or smaller and having an external design pressure exceeding 0.5 oz/in. and for tanks larger in diameter than 100 ft having any external design pressure, additional design considerations, which are not included in this Standard, are the responsibility of the tank designer.
The limitation of temperature to "ambient" (see para. 1.1.1) is not intended to preclude the use of these tanks at temperatures above ambient temperature. Allowable stresses for commonly used aluminum alloys are tabulated in this Standard for temperatures to 400°F maximum. However, when the design temperature exceeds 150°F, additional design considerations, which are not included in this Standard, are the responsibility of the tank designer.
Design rules in this Standard do not consider fatigue effects from cyclic loadings. However, the user is cautioned that supported cone roofs meeting the minimum requirements of this Standard are more susceptible to low-cycle fatigue failures at the roof-to-top angle weld than are self-supporting roofs, particularly self-supporting dome roofs, when the internal operating pressure creates an uplift force exceeding the weight of the roof plates. Also, supported cone roofs for tanks larger in diameter than 50 ft and meeting the minimum requirements of this Standard may be prone to fatigue failures at the roof-to-top angle weld and at single-welded lap seams joining roof plates due to wind-induced undulations under steady wind speeds as low as 25 mph to 30 mph.
Tank Venting
It is the responsibility of the user to size pressure- and vacuum-relief devices to ensure that the internal and external design pressures are not exceeded.
Compliance
The manufacturer is responsible for complying with all of the provisions of this Standard. The purchaser may perform or have performed an inspection to verify that materials, details of fabrication and construction, and testing comply with the requirements of this Standard.